Global Corporate Citizenship Essay

1. Do you think that apple has demonstrated global corporate citizenship, as defined in this chapter ? Why or Why not ? Global corporate citizenship means that companies must not only be engaged with stakeholders but stakeholders themselves alongside government and civil society. Since companies depend on global development, which in turn relies on stability and increased prosperity, it is in their direct interest to help improve the state of the world. When Apple investigated and found some violations of its supplier code of conduct, which it had introduced in 2005. The following year, the company published its first annual supplier responsibility progress report, I think Apple demonstrated global corporate citizenship. Apple admitted its violations and did everything in its power to correct them. By 2011, Apple had inspected nearly 400 suppliers and had terminated 11 for serious violations. 2. In its response to problems in its contract factories, do you think Apple moved through the stages of corporate citizenship presented in this chapter ? Why or Why not ? _ Corporate citizenship is a term used to describe a company’s role in, or responsibilities towards society. So in Apple’s situation, it has moved through the elementary stage because at first it seemed they were not concerned the citizenship. During peak production periods, all three factories had exceeded the mandated limit of 60 hours of work per day, and many employees had been required to work more than 7 days in a row not receiving fair pay for overtime, unsafe conditions. Then Apple went through engaged stage, it turned to Social Accountability International and announced it had joined the Fair Labor Association. This is because Apple became aware that they needed to change public expectations. To make sure all contractors abiding the code; at Apple’s request and with the company’ s financial support, the FLA immediately undertook the most extensive audit ever conducted of conditions in China’s electronics supply chain. 35,000 workers filled out anonymous questionnaires about their experiences. This process means that Apple is in the innovative stage and they continue in the process of auditing and tracking improvements. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using its own company-specific supplier code of conduct, rather than a global code, such  as those discussed in this chapter? Apple’s Supplier Code of conduct was already one of the toughest in the electronic industry, but it have made it even stronger. And its ensure compliance by conducting hundreds of audits per year worldwide. Its efforts span the entire range of its supply chain – from the manufacturers of tiny components to the facilities that assemble its final products. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using and independent third-party auditor, rather than rely on its own internal audits? The advantages of bringing in a third-party firm are numerous. Investigative auditing firms employ accountants who do this work on a regular basis. As such, they know what to look for. Another advantage is impartiality. An outside investigative auditor – who has no personal or professional relationship with your employees – is likely to conduct the audit in an impartial manner. This is important, as these investigations can lead to criminal prosecution. Thus, relying on an internal accountant to find fraud or theft might place him in an uncomfortable situation, which can affect morale. The FLA can certainly claim to be more independent. It conducts its own audits and requires members to disclose the results. And it also has a third-party auditor re-audit some of its own inspections to make sure progress is being made on fixing violations. If indeed you have an accountant trained in investigative auditing on staff, it makes sense to use your own forensic accountant in the investigative auditing process. The positive side of this is that it gives you more control over the dissemination of information. It is typically harder to control dissemination of information when an outside firm is involved. Another disadvantage is cost-related. Hiring an investigative auditing firm is typically far more expensive than using your own investigative accountant.

‘In what ways is “Pride and Prejudice” a Cinderella story?’ Essay

Cinderella stories, of one type or another, have remained enduringly popular for hundreds of years. There are Cinderella tales originating from every culture and every time period up to the present day. They reflect the ‘rags to riches’ fantasies of storytellers from all around the world. But what constitutes a Cinderella story? Even though they exist in a vast variety of forms, most have a very similar basic plot. Firstly, there is always a heroine, whose fortunes are to be the focal point of the tale. She is naturally innocent, kind, gentle and beautiful, and always has hardships to bear. For example, in the French version, upon which the Disney animated film is based, Cinderella lives with her weak-willed father and her ‘evil’ stepmother and stepsisters who treat her appallingly; she is forced to act as a servant to them and is dressed in rags. Very often in these stories, there are a number of magical animals that help Cinderella in some way, and along with Cinderella’s Fairy Godmother, enable her to go to the ball, which invariably she has been prevented from attending by her cruel family. At the ball, Cinderella and Prince Charming meet and fall in love instantly, but Cinderella forgets her Godmother’s deadline, and has to rush off suddenly, unintentionally leaving behind only one clue as to her true identity for the love-struck hero. After one final setback, usually resulting from Cinderella’s interfering and vain stepsiblings, the Prince and his love are re-united and go back to the Palace to be married immediately. Cinderella forgives her family, and they join the happy couple at court and all live ‘happily ever after.’ This is the most well known of the â€Å"Cinderella† plots, but as I have said, other versions exist such as â€Å"Katie Woodencloak† and â€Å"Cindermaid†. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, Jane Austen’s classic novel, was first published in January 1813. It was designed to appeal to the fashionable novel-reading public of the day, and it was an instant success for its author, and has remained consistently so. With the pretty and likable Elizabeth Bennet marrying the rich and handsome Mr Darcy at the end of the book, at first glance, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† seems like a typical Cinderella tale. In this essay, I will be investigating the similarities and differences it has to the Cinderella story I have outlined above. For me, Elizabeth is the first obvious ‘Cinderella’ in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†. She is one of five Bennet sisters, intelligent, witty and impetuous with an independent streak in her, as we find out when she insists that she walk to Netherfield to visit her ill sister. Elizabeth, like Cinderella, has a family who can make life very difficult for her at times. Her father is loving, but like Cinderella’s father, is weak-willed; â€Å"Her father, contented with laughing at them, would never exert himself to restrain the wild giddiness of his youngest daughters.† (Chapter 37.) This trait in her father’s disposition allows Lydia to elope with Mr Wickham from Brighton. Elizabeth’s mother and sisters also inhibit her, not by being malicious or unkind, as with Cinderella, but by their rudeness and hysterical behaviour; â€Å"†¦and in the unhappy defects of her family a subject of yet heavier chagrin. They were hopeless to remedy.† (Chapter 37.) â€Å"Her mother would talk of her views in the same intelligible tone. Elizabeth blushed and blushed again with shame and vexation.† (Chapter 18.) These unattractive qualities in her relatives, as well as her family’s lower social status, prove to have an unfavourable effect on Mr Darcy’s feelings towards her, even though he admits he loves her. Mr Darcy believes Lizzy’s connections to be ‘inferior’; â€Å"He spoke well, but there were feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed†¦His sense of her inferiority†¦of the family obstacles which judgement had always opposed to inclination were dwelt on with warmth.† (Chapter 34.) Although Elizabeth does not suffer the deprivation that Cinderella does (dresses are no problem for Lizzy as they are for Cinderella), and in fact lives comfortably, the Bennets live under the threat that when Mr Bennet dies, they will lose their home Longbourn, because there is no male heir to the estate. So Cinderella’s ‘poverty’ situation could, theoretically affect Elizabeth at some point in the future. Therefore, it is very important for the five Bennet daughters to marry well, to ensure the family’s future security and status. This fact differentiates Cinderella from Elizabeth, as she is fiercely discouraged from going to the ball by her by her jealous stepsisters, where as Elizabeth (and her sisters) are actively encouraged to look for husbands with good fortunes by going to dances. Cinderella spontaneously falls in love with Prince Charming – she had only desperately wanted to go to the ball, and nothing more. But Elizabeth must be convinced of the true goodness of Mr Darcy’s personality before she will overcome her prejudices and dislike of him. Elizabeth’s opinion of Mr Darcy is changed by her hearing his housekeeper at Pemberley speak of how good and kind he really is, and also when Mr Darcy sends a letter to her explaining the misunderstandings about Mr Wickham and the Jane-Bingley affair. It is only after realising her actual feelings for him, and being attracted by his large estate, that Lizzy is prepared to love and marry Mr Darcy. Cinderella is a servant in her household, and although Elizabeth is certainly not a servant, she does aid and support her difficult family, along with her sister Jane, through use of her intelligence and sensibility. Of course, the main reason Elizabeth can be compared to Cinderella is that she is the disadvantaged heroine who marries her Prince and is taken off to his palace in a fairy tale ending; â€Å"‘Good gracious! Lord bless me! Only think! Dear me! Mr Darcy! Who would have thought it! And is it really true? Oh! My sweetest Lizzy! How rich and how great you will be!'† (Chapter 59.) Elizabeth’s family, like Cinderella’s family, also benefit from this happy ending – the Bennets often visit Lizzy at her new home, and Mr Darcy’s wealth means that they never need worry about losing their home or status again. Mrs Bennet is especially thrilled by the match. Another Bennet sister can be successfully compared with Cinderella – Jane. She is the eldest daughter, and like Cinderella, is very kind, but also little naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve; â€Å"What a stroke this was for poor Jane! Who could willingly have gone through the world without believing that so much wickedness existed in the whole race of mankind†¦Most earnestly did she labour to prove the probability of error, and seek to clear one, without involving the other.† (Chapter 40.) She also marries a ‘Prince Charming’ with whom she is truly in love, Mr Bingley, who has a ‘palace’ and holds a ball there early in the novel. One thing that makes Jane even more similar to Cinderella in my opinion is that she falls in love with Mr Bingley straight away, even though his meddlesome sisters, Miss Bingley and Mrs Hurst, as well as Mr Darcy, try to stop affections developing between them. This reminds me of the way Cinderella was prevented from trying on the glass slipper by her stepsisters. Unlike Mr Darcy, Mr Bingley has no qualms about Jane’s lower standing in society, and immediately allows himself to fall in love with her, like Prince Charming does with Cinderella at the ball. Similarly, it is at the Netherfield ball, held by Mr Bingley, where Jane and he first display a fondness for each other. Although Jane is like Cinderella in all these ways, she cannot be directly linked with her, as she is not the leading character in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† like Elizabeth. Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley are the two men who are most comparable to the Prince in Cinderella. They are both rich men with large estates and good breeding who marry ‘below themselves.’ Mr Darcy is a proud and arrogant man, who we find out later in the book, actually has a compassionate and generous personality. At first, Mr Darcy does not feel it is appropriate for him to marry into a lower class, but he cannot contain his love for Elizabeth, and this love eventually conquers his pride as I have detailed above. This is unlike Prince Charming because in â€Å"Cinderella†, the Prince does not mind when he finds out that his unidentified ‘Princess’ is really a poor servant girl – Cinderella’s status doesn’t matter to him at all. Mr Bingley, on the other hand, is like Prince Charming in that he doesn’t care about Jane’s background, and loves her anyway. Mr Bingley’s character is summed up by this quote; â€Å"‘He is just what a young man ought to be,’ said she, ‘sensible, good-humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners! – so much ease, with such perfect good breeding!’ ‘He is also handsome,’ replied Elizabeth, ‘which is what a young man ought likewise to be, if he possibly can. His character is thereby complete.'† (Chapter 4.) For Mr Bingley and Mr Darcy, as with Prince Charming, it is love at first sight with Jane and Elizabeth at the Meryton ball, even if Mr Darcy dare not admit his feelings for some time. When Mr Darcy does propose to Elizabeth, she turns him down, but he remains persistent in trying to assure Lizzy of his good nature, and in the same way as the Prince tracks down Cinderella, Mr Darcy proposes for a second time and Lizzy accepts. It was the letter that Mr Darcy gave to Elizabeth at the Collins’ that revealed his true character to her and this enabled her to accept and love him. In the same way, Cinderella’s glass slipper allows the Prince to find her. It could be concluded that these objects provide the key to identifying the suitors in their true light and make it possible for the characters to eventually marry. I think that there are several people in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† who could be considered either ‘stepsisters’ or a ‘stepmother’ to Lizzy or Jane. Evidently their own mother and sisters have some qualities similar to those in â€Å"Cinderella.† Mrs Bennet, though inadvertently, hinders any marriage between her daughters and ‘respectable’ men through her inappropriate and embarrassing manner – she is chaotic and thoughtless and gives her family a bad reputation. Jane and Lizzy’s sisters, particularly Lydia and Kitty, are also shallow, selfish and silly young women, only interested in chasing after soldiers and visiting Meryton; â€Å"The two youngest of the family, Catherine and Lydia, were particularly frequent in these attentions; their minds were more vacant than their sisters†¦They could talk of nothing but officers.† (Chapter 7.) â€Å"Catherine, weak-spirited, irritable†¦and Lydia, self-willed and careless.† (Chapter 37.) Lydia’s disastrous elopement with Mr Wickham endangers the anticipated marriage between Jane and Mr Bingley because it disgraces the family. Through this, Lydia is unintentionally like Cinderella’s stepsisters, as she causes a last-minute hitch, which could ruin her sister’s hopes of happiness. In Cinderella, this hitch is the stepsisters preventing Cinderella from trying on the glass slipper by hiding her from the Prince ‘below stairs’. Miss Bingley and Mrs Hurst, Charles Bingley’s sisters, are also like the ‘evil stepsisters’, only more so, in my estimation, than Mrs Bennet and her younger daughters, because they deliberately try to stop the marriages between the Bennet sisters, their brother and his friend taking place. It is revealed that Miss Bingley would like Mr Darcy for herself, and that she is jealous of Lizzy. They also try to persuade Mr Bingley that Jane does not love him in the hope he will forget about her when he is in London. Miss Bingley sends a letter to Jane, which convinces her that Mr Bingley does not care at all for her, which is not true. This, along with Miss Bingley and Mrs Hurst’s officious airs, make them ‘stepsisters’ not only to the Misses Bennet but also to their brother. Lady Catherine de Bourgh, the cold and obnoxious aunt of Darcy, is also a ‘stepmother’ to Elizabeth because she severely disapproves of the marriage between her and her nephew, Mr Darcy, and therefore tries her hardest to thwart their plans. She believes that Lizzy is of a lower social class and not ‘good enough’ for her nephew. Also, she wants to see Mr Darcy marry her daughter, the sickly Anne de Bourgh; â€Å"‘Let me be rightly understood. This match, to which you have the assumption to aspire, can never take place. No, never. Mr Darcy is engaged to my daughter’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢True, you are a gentleman’s daughter. But who was your mother? Who are your uncles and aunts? Do not imagine me ignorant of their condition.'† (Chapter 56.) Even so, Lady Catherine does not successfully stop Elizabeth and Mr Darcy from marrying, and neither do Lizzy’s family or Miss Bingley, just as the stepsisters fail to stop Cinderella from marrying her Prince in the end. It is not explicitly apparent that there are any ‘Fairy Godmothers’ in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† but I think that Mrs Gardiner, Elizabeth’s aunt, can be regarded as aiding Lizzy throughout the novel. As well as the Gardiner’s help to the Bennets through their troubles with Lydia, Mr and Mrs Gardiner make it possible for Elizabeth to go to her ‘palace’ (Pemberley) for the first time, by taking her with them to Derbyshire. (The Fairy godmother in â€Å"Cinderella† also enables Cinderella to go to the palace.); â€Å"With the Gardiners, they were always on the most intimate terms. Darcy, as well as Elizabeth, really loved them; and they were both ever sensible of the warmest gratitude towards the persons who, by bringing her into Derbyshire, had been the means of uniting them.† (Chapter 61.) Perhaps Jane in her continuing support of Lizzy and the Bennet family could also be seen as a ‘Fairy Godmother’ to them all. Another similarity between â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and â€Å"Cinderella† is that the heroines in both stories go to at least one ball where they meet their future husbands. In â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, there are two balls – the Meryton Ball and the Netherfield Ball, but in contrast with â€Å"Cinderella†, the future spouses do not immediately get on as well as Cinderella and Prince Charming do! – At the Meryton Ball Lizzy overhears Mr Darcy snubbing her whilst talking to Mr Bingley; â€Å"‘Which do you mean?’ and turning around, he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said, ‘She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me.'† Both stories highlight the importance of ‘the ball’ as a major social event; very often it was the only opportunity for people to meet and socialise. At her ball, Cinderella has a curfew to comply with – she must be home by midnight or else her magical clothes and coach will turn back into rags and a pumpkin. There is no literal deadline in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, but time is running out for the women in the novel, as they must marry well, while they are still potentially ‘desirable’ wives, if they want to be secure and assured of a future free from want. This fear is shown in the story by the plight of Charlotte Lucas, who marries the repellent Mr Collins because she knows it will probably be her last opportunity to gain a husband and therefore a house of her own; â€Å"Mr Collins was neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome†¦But still he would be her husband†¦and at the age of twenty-seven, without having ever been handsome, she felt all the good luck of it.† (Chapter 22.) An important component of the â€Å"Cinderella† fairy tale is magic, and magical animals, and as I have found neither one of these in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, it is almost certainly one of the biggest differences between the two stories. This shows us that Austen’s novel is not a fable but that the events in the book could have actually occurred in early 19th century society. From examining the text of â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and several â€Å"Cinderella† tales, I have found many similarities, and some differences between the two narratives. I conclude that although Jane Austen did not intentionally design her novel to be like a fairy tale, there is a definite resemblance to â€Å"Cinderella†. The plot and subplots of the novel are clearly more complex than in â€Å"Cinderella†, but most of the individuals have counterparts in the other story. As I said at the beginning of this essay, the main heroine, whether you consider her to be Elizabeth or Jane, ‘gets her guy’. In both stories, the wedded couple and their families are more happy and secure than at the start of the tale – they all ‘live happily ever after’, with Lizzy moving to Pemberley, just as Cinderella moves to the palace. Some people may regard the ending of â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† as the most unrealistic and ‘fairy story’ part of the book. In reality life was very hard, even for the rich, at this time. For example, Elizabeth, like many young women at that time, may have died in childbirth a year later, or perhaps Mr Bingley may have been badly injured a month after the novel finishes in a hunting accident. In my view, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is simply a daydream; a world into which the reader can escape to avoid the unpleasantries which no doubt occurred in the Georgian period, but which Jane Austen chose to ignore. By doing this, Austen created one of the best-loved and most interesting â€Å"Cinderella† stories to date.

International Art Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Art Market - Essay Example National and local governments have also acknowledged the significance of culture and art in the promotion of policies, as reinforcement to the linkages between the two and in spheres of local development (Galloway and Dunlop 17). Culture and art have taken a center stage in the agendas covered by policy-making, and this is evident from the economic regeneration models adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, Singapore, New Zealand and South Korea among other countries (Galloway and Dunlop 18). Irrespective of the growing interest in cities and their histories, the museums of different cities have received less attention as sources of valid information about the places of multiple eras and shapes. City museums have continued to be viewed as extraneous and unresponsive to the changes taking place within the societies around them, therefore not beneficial to the residents of the city (Filene 14). Taking into account the centrality of contemporary city life, city museums among other art centers, should not only act as tourist and historical centers in the city, but should assume a more central role in contemporary city life (Butler-Bowdon and Hunt 76-77). In the case of Rotterdam, the Museum of Rotterdam has played a key role, over a number of years, towards increasing the role and the importance of the present city. In response to post-modern trends, the museum has done more than positioning the modern city as the central point of its work (Marstine 28). The transnational na ture of the city has become the focal point of the policies developed by the museum, and the workers of the museum have taken up the responsibility of mediating between the works of the museum, the ways in which it presents art and the life of the people in the city. Towards realizing the goal of regenerating the city, the museum trains its curators, enabling them to develop the ability to use fashionable heritage as an important ingredient in creating the future of the

Project managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project managment - Assignment Example Supply Chain management Review, one of the industry’s leading prints published an article by David Anderson, Frank Brit and Donavon Favre titled: The seven principles of Supply Chain Management. This came at the time when the depth of SCM as a concept was relatively unexplored and the article therefore opened a door into further studies on how to better the idea and come up with improved models. According to Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper (2007), the 1997 article properly discussed the need to adapt supply chain to the needs of customers. The agreement with this is an indicator of the futuristic nature of the article by Anderson et al, who suggested that customers should be segmented according to their diverse service needs. The suggestion to use sales volume and profitability as the matrices for segmentation has since the production of this literature been adopted by industries and major trade channels. Amazon for example, applied this concept to initiate a program dubbed; Amazon Prime where free 2 day and one day shipping at a discounted rate is provided. In the midst of scepticism, customer numbers at Amazon has continued to rise since the launch of this program as evidence of its success. Chopra & Meindl (2001) in their book- Supply chain management: strategy, planning, and operation discussed the need to customize logistics networks if service to customers if to be optimised. According to them, once customers have been segments and their needs clearly outlined, logistics networks must then be tailored to best serve each segment. This in the end ensures that custom made solutions apply among the many groupings for maximum efficiency and profitability. Wang, Heng & Chau (2007) discussed the need to align demand planning across the entire supply chain so that data on demand is shared on a common platform among associates to ensure all those involved do not keep excess stock. This sharing of demand data ensured that partners know in real time where a specific

Bio capital in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bio capital in India - Essay Example There is a reconfiguration of the relationship of imperial power to colony into one of the vendors to the client. 1.3 Indebtedness Indebtedness is found at all levels and especially in interactions between corporations and their investors (1). Even entrepreneurs are indebted to the venture capitalists and are forced to relinquish control over their companies. Consumers also remain indebted to the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries for undertaking high-risk, decade-long drug development ventures for therapies for otherwise untreatable diseases. This indebtedness is the symbolic capital for the industry. Thus indebtedness operates at multi-level even in India, observes Rajan. When India was in the midst of a crisis in 1991, it was suggested that India take further loans from IMF which would put India into a further state of indebtedness. The terms of the loan made India more fiscally responsible for the debts. A stage was thus created for moral reforms. Chapter 2 2.1 Biocap ital in India The strategic articulations of India do not resist the global orders of techno-scientific capitalism. Rajan has tried to establish a relationship between global capital and local forms of indebtedness. He has shown the ways in which touches down in different contexts in India. ICICI Knowledge Park in Andhra Pradesh and the Genome/Wellspring Hospital, Mumbai are the two locations where Rajan concentrated as both there are institutions and they represent the political ecologies within which they are situated.

Performance Appraisals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance Appraisals - Essay Example Appraisal outcomes are used to recognize the shoddier performers who may require some form of counseling, or in extreme cases, relegation, discharge or reduction in pay. Performance appraisal engages an assessment of real against preferred performance. It also assists in assessing different factors which manipulate performance. Managers need to plan performance growth approaches in a planned way for each employee. Managers should keep the objectives of the organization in mind and plan at best possible exploitation of all accessible resources, including financial. Performance appraisal is a multistage procedure in which communication plays a significant part. (i) Essay appraisal method: The evaluator writes a short essay providing an evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses and potentials of the employee. In order to do so impartially, it is essential that the evaluator knows the employee well and should have interrelated with the employee. The time taken and contents of the essay differ between evaluators, essay ratings are complicated to evaluate. (ii) Graphic rating scale: A graphic scale evaluates a person on the eminence of his or her work (average; above average; outstanding; or unsatisfactory). Graphic scales seem basic in creation; they have a function in an extensive assortment of job responsibilities and are more reliable and reliable in comparison with essay appraisal. (iii) Field review method: To overcome the evaluator linked unfairness, essay and graphic rating techniques can be joined in an orderly evaluation procedure. In the field review method, 'an associate of the HRM staff convenes with a small group of evaluators from the supervisory units to talk about each rating, thoroughly recognizing areas of inter evaluator difference.' Field review evaluation is considered applicable and dependable, it is time consuming. (iv) Forced choice rating method: The forced-choice rating method does not engage conversation with managers unlike the field review method. This method has numerous differences; the most common is to compel the evaluator to choose the good and bad fit statement from a group of statements. These statements are subjective or attained in advance to evaluate the worker. The score or weights allocated to the individual statements are not exposed to the evaluator so that she or he cannot support any employee. In this way, the evaluator favoritism is mostly abolished and related standards of performance develop for an objective. This method is of little worth wherever performance appraisal interviews are carried out. (v) Critical incident appraisal method: In this technique, a manager explains significant confrontations, giving particulars of both constructive and unconstructive performance of the employee. These are then talked about with the employee. The conversation focuses on authentic behavior rather than on personality. This technique is well suitable for performance evaluation

Communication theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication theory - Research Paper Example Communication Theory Application 1. Introduction: The purpose of this analytical paper is to evaluate the chosen mass communication theory i.e. Uses and gratification theory (UGT) (Zhao, 2008). In order to conduct an in-depth evaluation of the theory, collection of internet mediums of social interaction (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Social Forums) and campaigns which are aired on television, print ads and magazines have been evaluated (Baran & Davis, 2011). The chosen situation which have been underlying to the evaluation of UGT is need of a divergent medium where communication and quick. Since Internet has taken its toll in terms of frequency and reach thus, people have become more attracted towards social medium for their social interactions (Larson, 2009). 2. Understanding Uses and Gratification Theory: Unlike other theories which determine the effects of media on the society, Uses and Gratification theory (UGT) is concerned with the way people make use of the media in order to meet their desires (needs) (Salwen, 2009). The commonality among the other mass communication theories and UGT is that it is associated with the psychological context of society (Fourie, 2001). In simpler words, UGT is based on the evaluation of the needs that people fulfill through the aid of media (Asimow & Mader, 2004). Furthermore, there are a number of subsidies which are categorized in order to explain different behaviors of users. These include diversion, simulation, Self-indulgence etc. Katz’s model of user and gratification theory has enabled the magic bullet theory to extend in terms of its theoretical reasoning. It will not be incorrect to state that the UGT is basically an extension of the research immersed within the concept of magic bullet. 3. Application of Uses and Gratification Theory: A number of scholars and media investigators have made use of the UGT in order to find out the purpose of audiences and media users (Reddick, 2010). These purposes may range fr om the need of gratification to the negative use of the internet. Scholars like Ruggiero have made use of the UGT in order to find out the grasp of computer based mediums for communication (Thorson, 2007). It should also be noted that the usage of the UGT has been done in order to find out spread of all mediums. At one point, traditional mediums of communication such as print and electronic broadcast were also influenced by the UGT. Contemporarily, these traditional mediums are on their verge of reach throughout the world and their development is on its highest peak which means that the UGT application to mediums is evident. On the other hand, most of the scholars have also pointed out that the UGT approach has been successful in finding out the relation between the individuals and media. As per the evaluation of different social mediums by applying the approach of UGT, it becomes clear that these serve the purpose of diversion, simulation etc. for the audience. The fact remains tha t with the aid of internet as a medium, bloggers have now become journalists. Also, readers claim that the bloggers are able to provide an insight of any issue. It is because of this reason that the readers are more attracted towards the blogging or social media journalism. This has created a great deal of issue

Are They Partners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Are They Partners - Essay Example This paper will review such a partnership, and also why it comes off as a partnership. In an example of a partnership, Deana and Eric come together to work on a criminal case. Deana involves Eric by making him co-counsel in the criminal case. Deana and Eric are partners in the criminal case. This is since, in all Deana is working on, there is a direct effect on Eric. Secondly, it is a partnership since Eric is receiving profits from the case equal to Deana. Such a partnership is evident as both these individuals gain something from such an arrangement (Link, 2006). Deana is gaining in the form of Eric’s skills. This is in the form of counsel. The losses and/or damages that Deana may suffer may pass on to Eric. This is if they agree to share everything from the first time they decide to make the union official. In conclusion, the most crucial thing is that both these individuals are aware of the existence of their relationship. If anyone should decide to back down from it before the agreement is honoured, he or she is liable for punishment (Glasbergen, 2007). However, all this is dependent on the agreement reached upon during the formation/onset of such a

Computer networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Computer networks - Essay Example IP version 4. The protocol operates the network layer that is a third layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Likewise, network layer incorporates addressing information and control information that enables data packets to be routed within the computer network ("Internet Protocol Version 6." 255-255). Moreover, IP version 6 is also considered or called as the next generation IP, as specified by the IEFT: RFC 2460 ("Internet Protocol Version 6." 255-255). However, the primary reason for upgrading the IP version 4 to IP version 6 is address space limitations. Moreover, other issues such as performance, security and auto configuration are considered secondary (Loshin 305). Likewise, address space limitations are linked with the IP address space crisis that is debatable since a very long time and it is considered as the primary motivational factor for the new version (Loshin 305). There were no doubts for the design, as it was remarkably well designed, however, the design w as created twenty years back and needs a review. Moreover, an increasing number of network threats are also addressed in IP version 6 and have more features as compare to IP version 4. Furthermore, in large and complex computer network environments, automated IP configuration reduces administration and configuration. IP version 6 addresses this issue by providing auto configurations of IP addresses. There are numerous research studies that have been carried out for IP version 6. They will be discussed in detail in the body of the report. Figure 1 source: (Che, Lewis 2010) 2 Why IPv6 ? The need for more and more addresses arise because an estimate through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) reveals that about 85 percent of the IPv4 addresses are currently in use. The European Commission (EC) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) before 2008 states that there is a need to migrate towards IPv6 urgently as they say â€Å"In the short-term, bus inesses and public authorities might be tempted to try to squeeze their needs into the strait jacket of the old system, but this would mean Europe is badly placed to take advantage of the latest Internet technology, and could face a crisis when the old system runs out of addresses. If Europeans are to use the latest Internet devices such as smart RFID tags in shops, factories, and airports, intelligent heating and lighting systems that save energy, and in-car networks and navigation systems, then we already face a thousand-fold increase in demand for IP addresses.† (Courtney 52-54). The same statement also includes that by 2010 every public and industry authorities must migrate towards IPV6. 3 Technical Evaluation 3.1 Technical Specifications of IPv6 The IPv6 is made up of numerous bits of network addresses. The number of bits varies from 32 bits to 128 bits or 3.4 x 1038 nodes that are addressable. They offer exceptional IP addresses that are different for every single networ k device on the globe. The packet related to the IPv6 consists of two major parts i.e. THE HEADER is the top most part and the primary 40 octets of the packet consist of 320 bits. Furthermore, the packet contains (Courtney 52-54): 1. Version The version of this IP is 6 (4-bit IP version) 2. Traffic class-packet priority (8-bits) The value of the priority is sub classified into several ranges. The traffic is delineated as the base that provides

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial compensation to Essay

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial compensation to collegiate athletes - Essay Example In some cases these athletes are also given special treatment by their colleges in regards to their academic issues like excused absences, extra tutorial classes and their schedules are also very lenient. One of the major concerns is that these money payments would change their status from amateur athletes to professional ones and this could generate unsportsman like behavior form these players. Hence, their part of the argument is that when everything is given to them through scholarship then why they need more financial compensations. On the other hand sport fans who believe that these athletes should be paid for their share in bringing huge profits to their respective colleges. This would give them incentive to work even harder and stay in college to complete their study instead of joining professional teams. This can also lessen the illegal dealings and payments which sometimes these athletes indulge in to pay for their everyday expenses. There are a lot of misconceptions regarding the fact that college scholarships should be enough for the student athletes. Sometimes these young athletes are demoralized by their schools because where their schools are making huge profits through them they cannot come up with the money for their food, entertainment or sometimes even educational costs. The author says that the NCAA places limits on how much money a student can earn and how many hours student athlete can work (Delaney, Madigan 124). Giving financial compensations to student athletes can actually motivate them to work hard and side by side would also help them get proper education. Getting proper education along with sports will broaden their career opportunities. This thing is very crucial in every person’s life because education is as much important as sports. According to Wladimir and Szymanski paying these players can make the competitive advantage to the institutes to disappear (380). NCAA

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Learning is a natural ability that is wired into many animals DNA; the way that humans should learn has been debated by the various educators because of the endless ways to teach. Teachers and parents take this matter seriously like Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† and Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† who created essays on education; and Billy Collins in â€Å"The History Teacher† entail for then and who wrote a poem concerned with the status of education. These people show what the importance of education is entailing what learning should and should not involve; a teacher should respect and have patience for children; a teacher should also let a child have creativity and lessons of the past. Many teens do not respect their teacher which might be because the teacher does not respect them; as the golden rule goes, â€Å"treat others the way you would treat yourself†; Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† would probably agree with this quote because he strongly believes that, â€Å"the secret of [e]ducation lies in respecting the pupil,† (page 102). Shows that Emerson understood what children are thinking then did something to help them by simply respecting them. Another big issue with education is patience; some people do not have enough patience to guide children to what they are supposed to learn. Emerson also believes that patience is an important part in education, â€Å"to regard the young [children, they require] no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in medial forces of the soul can give,† Emerson was trying to say that someone has to really care in order to teach information to children (page 105). Some people do not see the point in having art classes or history classes; the reason why is because art assists students to express themselves in a way that words cannot along with helping them find out what kind of person they truly are; and history is needed to teach children where they originated from; and to show them mistakes that other people in the past made so they will not make them again. Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† agrees with this â€Å"[students] need some orientation to philosophy, history, language, literature, music, and arts that have lasted more than 15 minutes,† (page 156). Because students need the outlet to express themselves; or if they do not they would not learn morals then they would become exactly  what people were trying to stop; as shown in â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins who stated, â€Å"the children would leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart,† all because â€Å"[the teacher tries] to protect his students’ innocence he told them the Ice Age was really just the Chilly Age, a period of a million years when everyone had to wear sweaters. And the Stone Age became the Gravel Age, named after the long driveways of time,† this demonstrates how not teaching children lessons of the past which are the brood violence’ that others committed in history; by not teaching this history it affects children’s behavior in real life (page 143). Morals are right and wrong many people’s morals will differ; this is why teaching them is tricky because the teacher’s morals might not be the same as the parent’s morals. This is why some of the history in textbooks is sometimes just the summary of what really happened but not enough for the main point to be set across unlike in â€Å"The History Teacher† where, â€Å"the Spanish Inquisition [is] nothing more than an outbreak of questions such as â€Å"How far is it from here to Madrid? †,† and â€Å"the War of the Roses took place in a garden, and the Enola Gay dropped one tiny atom on Japan,† explains when a teacher goes too far in trying to protect student’s mind from bad; when only good is taught and everything else is censored then the students become the opposite; because they do not know the consequences of doing bad, which is why history is taught. As teachers and parents they have to let their students make their own choices as shown in â€Å"From Education† Emerson says, â€Å"it is not for you to choose what he shall know, [or] what he shall do,† shows that sometimes a student needs to find out the consequences the hard way, and let them choose what they want to learn (page 143). Education is needed in modern day society to help students and children grow and help the nation; by giving students proper education the teacher are not really helping the students but they are helping themselves. Teaching creativity helps a student express themselves; respect should be given so the student can give it back; patience is needed to help them understand; morals need to be taught through history so the student will make fewer mistakes; these are essential to a good education and an even better future: as shown by the writings of Billy Collins, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Todd Gitlin.

Comparison of the surfer - judith wright and strictly ballroom Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the surfer judith wright and strictly ballroom Essay In order to feel a true sense of belonging, one must endure and overcome challenges, for in doing so they gain an appreciation of self and self worth. Conversely, those who do not test themselves and the barriers, can only experience a superficial sense of belonging that can not result in a deep connection. Judith Wright’s poem â€Å"The Surfer† presents an individual who puts himself up against the waves everyday, and thrives on the feeling he gets when he conquers them. Luhrman’s film â€Å"Strictly Ballroom† is focused around the standards of ballroom dancing by which an individual must abide in order to be accepted; the protagonist, Scott Hastings, finds in Spanish dance, a passion that allows him to successfully act against these norms. Both â€Å"The Surfer† and â€Å"Strictly Ballroom† notably exemplify the awareness and appreciation of self and self worth that is achieved from triumphing over challenges and to reach an enhanced sense of fulfillment. PARA 1- the surfer As a consequence of persistence and endurance, difficult tasks can be conquered and this can significantly benefit the individual, heightening their sense of self worth and consciousness of belonging. This idea is portrayed in â€Å"The Surfer†, as the individual defeats the waves everyday, although undergoing pain every time. The euphoric feeling he gets as he rides the wave is worth the pain he suffers. As the surfer dives through the wave, a shock of pain is to be born, as with â€Å"thorns in the face, stinging†. The use of kinesthetic imagery conveys to the reader just how harsh the pain is and â€Å"the gulls went wheeling in air as he did in water, with delight† is symbolic of freedom. The comparison made between the two, shows that he is not bound by restrictions.The word choice â€Å"delight† is also important as it evokes the significant amount of joy that the surfer feels when in the water. Wright uses the metaphor â€Å"last leaf of gold† to imply that the last moments of belonging must come to an end and in doing so has conveyed to the reader, all of the surfers hard work has given him a greater sense of belonging. It is evident that the surfer endures and overcomes his challenges, and through this he truly appreciates the outcome and the  achievement he attains. PARA 2- strictly ballroom A heightened sense of belonging through the overcoming of challenges are also seen in Strictly Ballroom. The main character; Scott works through the spanish dance culture with Fran to defeat the authority and therefore giving him the power and fulfillment of individuality he would not have gotten any other wise if he did not object and take upon the risks. The challenge of authority is established in the lingering gaze between Barry Fife and Scott Hastings. Both have facial expression of intent which intensifies the difficulty that Scott is confronted with to win over the federation. His acceptance of the challenge is demonstrated as he steps out of the spot light after dancing in and out, it is symbolic of his fight to whether he will be a follower or he will go his own way. His dance moves acquired from the spanish culture enhance his and his partners confidence shown in the medium close up shot as Fran and Scott spin around holding each other, their true happiness, tenacity and passion act as a substantial threat. They’re efforts are rewarded at the end when the diagetic sound of doug clapping is heard and a round of applause erupts, symbolizing the changing heart of the dance world and the respect and acceptance of the new dance moves. As a result of taking risks and overthrowing authority, Scott enlightened the ballroom dancers and deepened his sense of self worth to have a rightful place within the dance world. PARA 3- comparison and contrast Challenges faced by the Wright and Luhrmans protagonists represent barriers which restrict them from discovering or achieving an awareness and appreciation of a genuine sense of belonging. The texts reveal the unique obstacles they encounter and the ways they deal with them to achieve a deepened sense of self and self worth. Scott is oppressed by the federation, he breaks the rules by dancing the pace doble with an outcast, Fran, who becomes his support. This is depicted at the pan pacific grand final, as Barry Fife says â€Å"That is the future of dance sport, and no one but no one is  going to change that†. This dialogue is significant to the following scene as the camera cuts to a long shot of Fran and Scott posing confidently wearing colours of red, suggesting courage and gold, demonstrating strength. The costuming used shows they have contradicted Fifes statement and weakened the federation, as seen in the high camera angle and costuming as Fife falls down in a blue coa t that symbolizes power. Therefore, proving that Fran and Scotts persistence and development have allowed them to break down the barriers of their challenges. Whereas the surfer needs to overcome his physical pain to be successful in his challenge, in order to achieve fulfillment, Scott, by comparison, needs to both build his own confidence through practice and refinement of his craft and overcome the rules of the federation. The surfers minimum amount of time before he rides a wave into shore is crucial and is symbolic of his connection he has made to the surf. â€Å"Last leaf of gold† is metaphorical for the remaining time he has before the sun goes down. The word choice of â€Å"gold† shows that he savors the time and appreciates the fulfillment he has achieved from his efforts. It is evident that to achieve fulfillment, Scott must overcome the rules of the Federation with confidence and passion whereas the surfer needs to overcome his own physical pain resulting in a more complex understand ing of belonging. CONCLUSION- summary of points The barriers and challenges presented, notably enhance the understanding and appreciation of the outcomes. Luhrman and Wrights protagonists have significantly portrayed how challenges influence the overall achievement of the individual. Through going against the federation by performing illegal steps in which prove to be of more value, Scott achieves a greater degree of appreciation of self and self worth. Where as the surfer suffers the discomfort of the challenge and pushes through them due to his understanding of the achievement that will come through his perseverance. Ultimately, a true sense of belonging is obtained through the endurance of challenges and the overcoming of barriers to attain a genuine insight of self and self worth.

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying Abstract This lab investigates the purification and assaying of lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography and Bradford protein assay. Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is employed in this lab as the substrate for lysozyme and its enzymatic activities are observed under various pH and substrate concentrations for determining the optimal conditions for lysozyme activity. The highest lysozyme activity was observed at a substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at an optimum phosphate buffer pH of 7. These optimal conditions were set as standard conditions for assaying the purified fractions for lysozyme activity and for the protein assay. A solution of egg white is used as the source for lysozyme and it is purified using size exclusion chromatography with column Sephadex G-50 that has a fractionation range from 1,500 to 30,000 daltons. Size exclusion chromatography provides purification of lysozyme, however about 64% of its initial yield is lost in the process of purification through the beads. The hi ghest lysozyme activity was observed for fraction # 12 indicating a structural mass range of 15,000da-13,500da for lysozyme. The protein assay indicated a significant concentration of protein in the neighbouring fractions of purified lysozyme, however the exact concentration of lysozyme in albumen remain inconclusive. Introduction Lysozyme is a catalytic enzyme that digests bacterial cell wall and is found in significant amounts in egg whites. Egg white, also known as albumen, is the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg cell, which consists of approximately 40 different proteins dissolved in water (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). The main proteins in albumen are ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, globulins, lysozyme, ovomucin, avidin, etc (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Lysozyme comprises about 3.5 % of the total protein weight in albumen (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) and thus a solution of egg white was used as the source of lysozyme in this lab. The main objective of this lab is to purify lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography for examining its structural properties and concentration in albumen. In this experiment lysozyme is extracted and purified from albumen using size exclusion chromatography. The stationary phase in the column consists of a porous cross linked gel matrix of Sephadex G-50 with a fractionation range of 1,500da to 30,000da. Separation and purification by size exclusion chromatography is based on molecular size i.e. larger molecules elute first with the mobile phase while the smaller molecules get trapped within the beads and elute last (Lodish et al. 2000). The different proteins present in albumen should elute at different fractions due to their varying molecular sizes leading to the purification of lysozyme which has a literature structural mass of 14,400da. It is hypothesized that since lysozyme is a small molecule in comparison to the fractionation range of the Sehadex G-50 coloumn, a significant amount of lysozyme is likely to be trapped or retarded by the resin beads resulting in a low yield. Substrate binding is used as a powerful tool in this experiment where the enzymatic reactions are used for detecting the presence of lysozyme. The structural composition of lysozyme consists of 129 amino acid residues folded into a compact globular structure with a cleft for substrate binding (Berg et al. 2002). When a substrate binds to the cleft, it hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan polysaccharide found in many bacterial cell walls, resulting in the osmotic lyses of the cell (Berg et al. 2002). Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects lysozyme due to their peptidoglycan cell wall being exposed to the extracellular environment (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). However, gram negative bacteria are less vulnerable to the presence of lysozyme due to their thin layer of peptidoglycan shielded by the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). In this lab, the gram positive bacteria of Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is used as a substrate for detecting the enzymatic activ ities of lysozyme. The Bradford assay on the other hand is used to estimate the concentration of lysozyme with respect to other major proteins present in albumen. Lysozyme has great research importance since it possesses the capability to lyse gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme, like most of the other biomolecules are not found in nature in its isolated form and this lab investigates one of the most simplest methods for extracting and purifying lysozyme from albumen. Materials and Methods A solution of egg white diluted to  ¼ with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered though glass wool is used as the source for lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The solution is put through size exclusion chromatography with G-50 Sephadex column (fractionation range of 1,500-30,000 da) to produce 24 test tubes of equal egg white fractionations of 0.75 mL (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Numerous assays are conducted with varying pH and micrococcus (substrate) concentration to determine the optimal conditions for the highest enzymatic activity of lysozyme. After the collected column fractions and prepared egg white solution were left in the lab for two weeks, the odd numbered test tubes were assayed for lysozyme activity and the even numbered test tubes were assayed for protein at optimal pH. Refer to York University Department of Biology Laboratory Manual Summer 2008, SC/Biol 2020 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Pages 54-57 for a more detailed procedure of the lab. Also refer to the attached flow sheets for a thorough step by step procedure for this lab. Results The addition of micrococcus to a solution of lysozyme results in the rapid decrease in its optical density value due to its enzymatic reactions. Various assays are conducted in this lab to examine various properties of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay indicated 0.4 mg/mL of micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme as it resulted in the highest enzymatic activity of 250 units. The pH assay on the other hand indicated pH 7 to be the ideal pH for the phosphate buffer as it resulted in the high lysozyme activity of 300 units. These observations led us to set 0.4 mg/mL micrococcus and buffer pH of 7 as standard conditions for assaying the size exclusion column fractionations for protein activity. When assaying the odd numbered fractionations for lysozyme activity, fraction # 15 reached the highest enzymatic activity of 900 units specifying the presence of concentrated lysozyme in that fraction of egg white. The neighbouring fractions (#14 and #16) show ed significant protein concentrations of 4.4 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL when assayed however the highest protein concentration as observed in fraction # 12 which indicated a protein concentration outside the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of fraction # 12 was calculated to be 9mg/mL. Based on the results, a protein fold of 1.36 was calculated and the results showed a high lysozyme yield loss of about 64%. Calculations: Sample calculation of Micrococcus dilution: Target: 3 ml of 0.4 mg/ml Micrococcus C1V1 = C2V2 (10 mg/ml)(x ml) = (0.4 mg/ml)(3 ml) X = 0.12 ml of Micrococcus 3 ml 0.12 ml = 2.88 ml Therefore, 0.12 ml of Micrococcus and 2.88 ml of Phosphate buffer will be required Sample calculation of total protein in fraction # 15: protein concentration of 0.52 mg/mL Volume in fraction: 0.1 mL Total protein = 0.52mg/mL X 0.1mL = 0.052 mg Sample calculation of Total Enzyme Activity in fraction # 15 Activity = ΔOD x 1min/0.001 Activity = (0.4) x 1min/0.001 Activity = 400 units Sample calculation of Specific Activity for fraction # 15: Enzyme activity of column fraction 15 = 90 units Total protein = 0.052 mg Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total protein Specific Activity = 400 units/( 0.052 mg) Specific Activity = 7692 units/mg protein Sample calculation of initial specific activity of the egg white at 0.3 mg/ml substrate: Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total Protein Specific Activity = 90 units/(4.5 mg/ml x 0.1 ml) Specific Activity = 200 units/ mg protein Calculation of Fold Purification: Fold Purification = Specific Activity of fraction/Specific Activity of egg white Fold Purification = (7692 units/ mg protein) / (200 units/ mg protein) = 38.46 Discussion This lab experiment examines the purification and assaying of egg white lysozyme. Lysozyme is both a protein and an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan (Lodish et al. 2000). It is found in abundant quantities in albumen (egg whites) where it protects the egg embryo from bacterial invasion. Several assays were conducted in this lab experiment and each assay demonstrated a significant property of lysozyme. Enzymes have optimal conditions at which it functions most effectively and it is important that enzymes are studied under optimal conditions for the most accurate results and observations. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay were employed in this experiment to determine the optimal conditions for lysozyme since its enzymatic activity varies with substrate concentration and buffer pH. Appropriate substrate concentration is significant for an enzymatic reaction because a high substrate concentration might outnumber the available active sites on lysozyme while a low substrate concentration will leave vacant binding sites on the lysozyme. This lab proved 0.4 mg/mL of Micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme with a high enzymatic activity of 250 units. The determination of the optimal pH at which the substrate-enzyme binding is carried out most efficiently is another important aspect of an enzymatic reaction. An environment too acidic or basic could ca use hindrance for the substrate-enzyme binding and thus result in low lysozyme activity. The phosphate buffer pH assay in this lab proved pH 7 to be the optimal pH at which the enzymatic activities of lysozyme are carried out most efficiently with an enzymatic activity of 300 units. Size exclusion chromatography is used in this experiment for extracting and purifying lysozyme from the mixture of approximately 40 proteins that is present in albumen. Other proteins that are present in significant quantities in egg whites are ovalbumin (66 kDa), ovotransferrin (77.8 kDa), ovomucoid (28 kDa), ovomucin, avidin (18kDa), etc. however none of these proteins share the same molecular mass as lysozyme which has a literature molecular weight of 14.5 kDa (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). This unique mass distinction between the proteins present in albumen allows size exclusion chromatography to be an effective method in purifying lysozyme as its separation method is solely based on molecular mass difference. Specific selection of resin for the column is another important factor in protein purification as the porosity and fractionation range of the column should be focused on the protein being purified. This experiment uses the Sephadex G-50 column for protein purification. The stationary phase of Sephadex G-50, has a bead matrix with a well defined pore size for separating proteins within the fractionation range of 1,500da 30,000da. Sephadex G-50 is well suited for lysozyme purification because lysozyme has a literature molecular mass of 14,400da (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) which falls midway between the column fractionation range. Purification of lysozyme however would come with the cost of obtaining low lysozyme yields. During purification, the larger molecules elute first while the smaller molecules like lysozyme travel through the beads and elute last. This affects the yield of lysozyme as some of its initial mass gets trapped within the gel matrix beads during separation while another small fraction of the initial yield is lost due to the retardation of the lysozyme during the in and out diffusion of the protein from the beads in the matrix (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Thus for a method like size exclusion chromatography, I would predict very low yields. The prediction was proved to be true as the data collected from the experiment demonstrated a low yield of 36%. Thus even though the method of size exclusion chromatography is effective in purifying lysozyme, it comes with the disadvantage of low yield. Micrococcus, the substrate for lysozyme in this experiment, is a gram positive bacteria with an exposed peptidoglycan cell wall (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Like any other enzymes, lysozyme is very specific about its substrate and the ability of lysozyme to bind to micrococcus and lyse the cell allows us to follow its enzymatic activity through the decrease in optical density detected on the spectrometer. Lysozyme activity assay demonstrated a peak for the highest enzymatic activity at fraction # 15. The peak represents the single protein species of lysozyme because micrococcus can only be digested by lysozyme and no other albumen proteins. Therefore all activities observed for lysozyme assay is due to the presence of lysozyme binding and hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan in the cellular walls of micrococcus. Micrococcus is thus the ideal substrate for this experiment however it also poses some disadvantages as well due to its biohazardous nature. Micrococcus needs to be handled with extra c aution and is to be discarded of appropriately. The lysozyme assay showed the highest specific activity of 900 units in fraction # 15. This indicated that fraction # 15 contained purified lysozyme. Considering the fractionation range of 1,500 30,000 da of the chromatography, and the elusion of a fixed volume into 24 separate test tubes, an estimation of the molecular weight range for fraction # 15 could be made around 15,000 da 13,500 da, a range that covers the literature molecular mass of lysozyme, 14,400 da. Thus, our detection for the fraction of egg white containing purified lysozyme was pretty accurate. The Bradford protein assay was used in this lab to examine the protein concentration of lysozyme with reference to the other proteins present in albumen. Theoretically lysozyme comprises about 3.5% of the total protein mass in albumen (Canà §ado et al. 2007). Even though it is a significant amount, there are other proteins comprising a higher concentration in albumen. The odd fractionations closest to #15 show fair concentrations of protein with # 14 showing a concentration of 4.4 mg/mL and # 15 showing 1.6 mg/mL. In order to get an accurate reading for the lysozyme protein concentration, fraction # 15 would have to be directly assayed instead of its neighbouring fractions. Thus the actual lyoszyme concentration in albumen remains inconclusive. The highest protein peak was observed for fraction # 12 with a protein concentration that went beyond the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of # 12 was determined to be approximately 9 mg/mL. This indicates that a protein that eluted in fraction # 12 is the most concentrated in albumen. Specific activity is defined as the enzyme activity over total amount of protein (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The specific activity of 900 units/mg protein for fraction 15 and the specific activity of the initial egg white solution of 666.66 a fold purification of 1.35(Refer to calculations). The yield of lysozyme after purification was fairly low indicating a high percent of loss. This loss was due to a portion of lysozyme being trapped within the beads of the matrix during purification and another small portion being distorted during in and out diffusion of lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The 64% loss in enzyme yield was worth the increase in purity because purifying the enzyme enabled us to estimate its structural mass and protein concentration in albumen. Sources of error in this lab were tried to be kept at its minimal level however there could still be some errors that might have deviated the results slightly. Lysozyme activity was measured by detecting the difference in optical density on a spectrophotometer in a time period of 1 minute. Incorrect readings of the optical density caused by fingerprints/other residue on the test tube surface or reading the incorrect absorbance at an earlier or later time period could have been a major source of error as this lab is dependent on the accuracy of the optical density readings. Other sources of error could be dilution errors as some of the dilution require very minute amounts and pipetting the small amounts with the pipette provided for this lab accurately is very challenging. New researches in the field of biochemistry help expand our knowledge about cell and molecular processes and thus research interest in the unique enzyme of lysozyme is of no exception. It was previously believed that lysozyme was used primarily as a constitutive defense against bacterial pathogens but recent research indicate that in certain species in the animal kingdom the structure of lysozyme is different and the structural difference enables lysozyme to incorporate other useful functions such as digesting bacteria for nutrition (Canà §ado, et al., 2007). Research has also shed light on urinary lysozyme C showing that a combination of urinary lysozyme C with certain RNases can be used to combat HIV-1 (Lodish et al. 2000). Other researches on lysozyme conducted by Lee-Huang et al. found that lysozyme from chicken egg white, human milk and human neutrophils combined with RNase A from bovine pancreas display activity against HIV-1 (Lee-Huang, et al., 1999). These are significant di scoveries that not only broaden our knowledge in biochemistry but also define possible cures for HIV in the future. Conclusion Lysozyme is a widely distributed enzyme in the animal kingdom that lyse bacterial cells to protect organisms from bacterial invasion and this lab demonstrated some of the important characteristics of this unique enzyme. Micrococcus proved to be an ideal substrate for observing lysozyme activity due to its gram positive nature illustrated by its exposed peptidoglycan cell wall, the cleavage target of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay demonstrated how lysozyme is at its peak enzymatic activity at the optimal substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at a buffer pH of 7. Even though the exact protein concentration of lysozyme in albumen remains inconclusive, the neighbouring fractions assayed for protein concentration provided an estimate that lysozyme is present in significant amounts in egg white in comparison to the other albumen proteins. Even though lysozyme was successfully purified using size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-50 column, its purificati on resulted in the loss of lysozyme yield. The column beads trapped and retarded about 64% of the total lysozyme resulting in low yields. Overall this was lab was well engineered to demonstrate how size exclusion chromatography can be used for purification based on molecular mass and how the unique activities of a certain enzyme with its specific substrate can be used to determine the purified fraction that contain the certain enzyme. Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Introduction We live in an ageing world and Australia is not an exception. In 1901 only 4% of Australians were 65 and older, by 2016 that figure increased to 15.3% and is estimated to rise to 23% by 2041 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 2012). The United Nations (UN) principles of ageing, supported by the Australian Government, recognises the rights of all older persons, focusing in areas such as: independence; participation; care; self-fulfilment and dignity (Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2013), but are we doing enough to protect these rights and ensuring our older Australians are not left disadvantaged? This essay looks at the case of Hank, retrenched from his lifelong employer at the age of 62 with future employment prospects bleak. It looks at factors through the life course that effect Hank in his older years and discovers how Social Workers can respond to this demographic to assist them in continuing to fulfil a satisfying life. Key Social, Psychological and Physical Needs As a social worker, it is important to have an understanding of the key social, psychological and physical needs of the client plus any issues that may be present. In this way, a holistic and specific needs assessment can be made that identifies how a client situation affects his needs moving forward (Tanner Harris,2008). Hank was retrenched from his workplace and is having difficulty finding a new job. The jobs he is experienced in are becoming unsuitable due to the onset of arthritis and without formal training, his employment prospects are bleak. There have been many studies linking unemployment with lower levels of well-being, and higher levels of distress, self-doubt and dissatisfaction (VanDerMeer,2014). Being unemployed can be detrimental to ones needs, not only because of lesser income but also due to the effects on psychological and social factors (VanDerMeer,2014). Societal norms and expectations also plays an important role in well-being, being employed helps us to feel w e are conforming to those values and norms (Thompson,2016, VanDerMeer,2014). Mens social identity is often centred around their work and although as a society we are shifting in our view of men being the sole bread winner, for Hanks cohorts, his role as financial provider gave him a sense of pride and sense of identity. Hanks friends, his social group, have remained at work, this puts added stress on Hanks wellbeing, people who are unemployed are better able to cope when others around them are in the same situation (Clark,2003). Human Rights and Legislation Hank, like all Australians, have a universal right to employment regardless of factors such as culture, gender, age and disability (Ife,2012). The Australian Government, through the Australian Human Rights Commission, has agreed to uphold the UN covenants on human rights. Although there is no international covenant in the area of ageing, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (1948, art.23) and the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights (1966, p.3,art.6) states that everyone has the right to work and be paid without discrimination, and that protections should be in place against unemployment. Federal legislation in place to uphold Australian Human Rights include the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 and Age Discrimination Act 1992. In Victoria, workers rights are protected through the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, which includes Age and Disability. Adhering to such rights gives all people a sense of human dignity, a value held by the Australian Asso ciation of Social Workers (AASW) in its code of ethics (2010). These protections should be an advantage to Hank but unfortunately, in reality age discrimination, modernisation and globalisation often make it difficult to apply. Impact of Structural and historical Factors Although ageing happens to us all regardless of race, culture, gender or class, these structural factors, economic and social policies, plus experiences throughout the life course, often have a significant influence on later life (Hughes Heycox,2010). That influence, restrained by economic and social policies, has the ability to limit choices and opportunities that impact on ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Australias increasing population and its effect on the dependency ratio (the portion of population who are too young or old to work by those of working age), will also have an impact on factors such as housing, medicare, Centrelink, superannuation and age care. If Hank turns 63 in 2017, he was born in 1954, the baby boom generation. The year of birth is not only important in determining Hanks generational cohorts and possible life course experiences, but also in determining his eligibility for services such as the aged pension and superannuation release. The baby boomers were so called due to the raise in babies born during and post world-war II 1943 -1964 (Tolbize,2008). According to Tolbize (2008, p.2), it was an era of prosperity and optimism and bolstered by the sense that they are a special generation capable of changing the world, have equated work with self-worth, contribution and personal fulfillment. Generalising on the typical situation of this generation, Hank and his cohorts would have had a strong sense of work and sacrifice. They believed in loyalty to one employer with success being gained through step-by-step promotion, of paying their dues (Tolbize,2008). Hank was born in the pre-globalisation era where people could more e asily get a job without the need for a university or formal trade education (Phillipson,2009). Hank chose to follow the path of his father, leave school at 16 and start work as a machine operator. He expected, just as his father did, to be in his job for the rest of his working life. However, the recent globalisation of the Australian economy and technological advances, are often reflected in retrenchment of lower skilled workers like Hank and the creation of structural unemployment where unemployment results from shifts in the economy and by factors such as technological advances, making lower-skilled jobs obsolete (Business Council of Australia (BCA),2004, Klehe et.al,2012). Government measures are normally in place to provide assistance in the form of retraining in such situations. For example, when industries such as the car manufacturing, the government purposed other needed industries for retraining such as, ironically, aged care. For older workers, such as Hank, the offer i s often refused. Hanks self-devaluing attitude based on the ageist stereotype of you cant teach an old dog new tricks is often a barrier to changes in ones employment sector. Based on his year of birth, Hank will be eligible for the aged pension at age 66. Since April 1909, when Australia commenced the Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908 for people aged 65, Australias retirement, pension and superannuation policies have become an important factor in the ageing experience. Since then, Australia has made changes to encourage Australians to be more self-sufficient in their retirement, therefore removing the burden of financial assistance from the government. 1915, saw the Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 allowing employers to make contributions on behalf of its employees for superannuation. In 1972 only 32% of Australians where covered by superannuation. In the 80s, the Federal government established policies around superannuation and taxation, this, plus the introduction of superannuation contribution by employers, increased the number of employees covered by Superannuation in 1990 to 64%. In 1992 the superannuation guarantee was implemented, employers were required to contribute to their employees superannuation fund. The amount of contribution progressively increased from 3% to 9% in 2002. In July 2017, the qualifying age for the age pension will increase by 6months every two years until it reaches 67 years of age in 2024 (Parliament of Australia,2010). The impact of government policy in Hanks situation means, that although he will not be eligible for the aged pension until 66, he is eligible to access his superannuation (Australian Department of Human Services (DHS),2017). The Department of Human Services through Centrelink is responsible for income support such as newstart, however in Hanks case, it is unclear if he is eligible for newstart based on his wifes full-time income. Victorian Skills Gateway, which is part of the Victorian Government Department Education and Training (DET) offices help with retraining and job search (DET,2017). Knowing the importance of older workers in the workforce, the government restart program offers incentives for employers to hire people over 50 (DET,2017). They are also looking at reforming structural barriers such as workers compensation, income protection and professional licensing all factors that affect employability of older workers. This is with the hope, that by removing these barriers, will remove negative perceptions of employing older workers (AHRC,2012). Theories of Ageing In the last few decades there has seen the development of many theories on ageing that allow us a better understanding of an older persons world. As a social worker, we can draw upon theories to gain clarity in understanding aspects of the human condition (Tanner Harris,2008, Hughes Heycox,2010). Theory can also enable us to find appropriate approaches to dealing with clients based on their specific needs and situations (Tanner Harris,2008). One of the pioneer theories on ageing, which draw popularity in the 60s through to the mid-seventies is disengagement theory. Disengagement theory, as proposed by Cummings and Henry (1961) states that ageing involves the gradual and inevitable withdrawal of a person from interacting with society. It supposes that this inevitable withdrawal is mutually beneficial, as it sees the transfer of power from the old members of society to the young. According to this theory, to successfully age means a reduction in activity levels and interactions until all activities cease in preparation for death (Hughes Heycox,2010). This enables the young a greater opportunity to become more active in contributing to society, thereby keeping society in balance (Victor,2005). Although Hank did not voluntarily leave the workforce, according to this theory, his retrenchment has set off his path to disengagement. We see this through his discouragement with not finding another job and therefore dropping out o f the job search and isolating himself from his friends. Proponents of this theory, would see this as natural progression for Hank Hank is on natural course leading to the remainder of his life. The problem with this theory in its original form however, is that it doesnt consider social processes and structures that are in place, that may hinder a person such as Hanks ability to engage (Hall Scragg,2012). Critics of this theory say it feeds into the negative stereotypes of ageing, making it seem acceptable and normal for older people to disengage and therefore preventing them from creating circumstances that increase engagement and quality of life (Bengtson DeLiema, 2016). One of its strengths however, is that the development of this theory opened the door to further research, resulting in a clearer view of natural ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Havighursts (1963) activity theory and Atchleys (1989) continuity theory were both in response to disengagement theory (Carstensen,199 1). Another such modification to disengagement theory was by Streib Schneider (1971), who concluded that disengagement from one sphere of life, does not mean withdrawal from all spheres (Streib Schneider,1971), this made available the idea of new social roles for the aged. As a social worker, applying Streibs version of disengagement activity within disengagement to the case of Hank, Streib emphasis the need for a new role for the retrenched, involving activities that are not mere busy work but should satisfy the social-psychological needs of Hank and be recognised as valid and socially useful pursuits (Streib Schneider,1971). Encouraging Hanks involvement in activities such as the mens shed or volunteer organisations such as meals on wheels or hands on learning (teaching disengaged youths practical skills). These activities differentiate themselves from hobby work because they not only benefit Hank but are also of community benefit. Keeping active in such a way may also lead to renewed encouragement towards employment in other areas. Another challenge to the disengagement perspective is the exchange theory of ageing. This theory draws upon previous works on the social-psychological theory of exchange, and addresses how a decrease in a persons power and status is associated with ageing (Dowd,1975). Dowd presents ageing and social interaction in the image of a cost-benefit model. Dowd reasons that as we age our conduct becomes a burden to ongoing interactions with others. It takes a greater effort to maintain a level of competent contribution, this decreasing competence means those we interact with are getting less benefit in the return they give. The greater the older person is dependent on others, the more they become a burden. Therefore, an older person begins to withdrawal from social life in order to balance the equation of exchange (Lynott Lynott,1996, Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, the loss of his job has given him a perceived loss of identity, status and power, not only amongst his social circle as Hanks close friends are still employed, but also within his family. Hank took pride in being the financial support giver for the family but this has been taken away from him, and his wife Jane has had to step up into full-time work. Hank feels he has nothing to offer the workforce or his social circles and therefore has begun to disengage. He is no longer applying for jobs and has withdrawn from contact with people outside his immediate family. The strength of this theory is its power of explanation into the relationship between the costs and rewards within a relationship. It helps us to understand that when we give something to a relationship whether that be employment, friendship, marriage, that to maintain that relationship, we expect something in return (Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, this explains his feeling of discouragement, he wants to give but does not feel he has anything to contribute to a work relationship due to his lack of education and decline in physical health this i s also affecting his social network, and family relationship, as he is no longer contributing to the finances. Although this theory is good at explaining relationships on a cost/benefit model, it does not take into account the complexity of relationships and a persons ability to compromise and adapt. It places people in a selfish light willing to give up a relationship if the costs outweigh the benefits. It also doesnt take into account cultural aspects of a relationship and reciprocity of past care or the increased function of older persons assisting the young such as childcare of a grandchild (Poole,2013, Carstensen,1991). Where disengagement theory sees the withdrawal and social isolation of older people as a societal need and of mutual consent, the exchange theory of ageing shows an unequal exchange between older persons and others in society. Disengagement theorists would say the reduction in interaction is fuelled by emotional distancing, whereas exchange looks at the change in dynamics of relationships and interaction (Carstensen,1991). And whilst both theories offer an explanation as to why we decrease in social interaction as we age, both are criticised for their lack of complete empirical data (Carstensen,1991). For Hank, I can see both as factors for his discouragement and disengagement the change in dynamics due to long term job loss has become a trigger for emotional distancing. For a social worker it is important to draw on the knowledge these and other theories gives us in offering a wider understanding of Hanks circumstance, to assist him in moving forward. Challenges and Social Worker Response At 62, Hank hasnt reached what most of us would consider older age, but he is now facing a serious transition point due to the current circumstance of his job loss. Hank is looking ahead at the challenges all Australians face when growing old. Australian society has made significant achievements in the promotion of health and wellbeing of its older citizens. However, our older population still faces many challenges. Some of which include biological and psychological changes general and mental health including dementia care. Other challenges include ageism and social isolation. Ageism can be seen here in discriminatory practices in employment or retrenchment strategies that see people like Hank lose their job or have difficulty in finding new employment (Thompson,2016). Throughout the last century, the Australian government has developed policies, such as those mentioned in previous sections, to enable people to be more self-sufficient in their older years. However, the government fo cus is often on the cost burden of aged care without consideration of protecting human rights, recognising contributions of older Australians and ensuring the needs of social inclusion (Ife,2012, Poole,2013). Although older people may be seen as a burden to society, they actually make substantial contribution. They volunteer an average 4.4hr more a week than working people and are often a valuable source of child-care to their grand-children (Poole,2013). Social work can play an important role in responding to the needs of a client such as Hank by taking a holistic approach to practice. Holistic care means focusing on the whole person, physical, emotional and spiritual, as it relates to their environment. It is taking into consideration a wide range of factors that affect the client (Tanner Harris, 2008). A social worker will consider all aspects involved in their care including, ecological and systems perspectives, legal and ethical matters, plus the biopsychosocial aspects (AASW,2013). The quality of a persons life can be enriched by adding opportunities to thrive under any circumstances. So assisting Hank maintain his independence and to participate to the fullness of his being, is important to his wellbeing and speaks of Hank in terms of his right to dignity and self-fulfilment. As we have seen above,a social worker uses knowledge, theoretical frameworks and models to identifying the best way to approach and discover the clients, strengths, weakness, and opportunities for participation and well-being. It is also important in the case of Hank, to be up-to-date with the latest policies and procedures provided by both State and Federal government. A person-centred approach considers the client as the expert in their own life and able to decide on their own lives path (Tanner Harris, 2008). Thus, encouraging clients within the system to take control and be empowered within their own lives. The effectiveness of this in Hanks case, is it supports the need for collaboration and keeps at the forefront the client and his family, as people with needs and desires, who should always be in control of their own decisions. Social workers also focus on social justice, delving into the inequalities and oppression within society based on such factors as age, gender, class, poverty, race, culture and sexual orientation to become an advocate of change (AASW,2013, Thompson,2016). They can help develop those opportunities through change in policy, social planning and community involvement (Hughes Heycox,2010). This Contributes not only to the individual client, but to the community as a whole. Conclusion With Australias growing older population and the fast-paced technological world of modernisation and globalisation, there are many real cases like Hanks happening every day. It is hoped that any new federal government reforms will assist in helping older Australians maintain active and productive lives, not only for the sake of individual wellbeing but also for the betterment of society. Social workers can have a role to play in policy reform by being strong voice in advocacy for change. Social Workers also have an arsenal of tools to draw upon, to help work collaboratively with the client to assist them in making decisions that have a positive influence on their lives and the lives of those around them. References: Australian Association of Social Workers, 2013, Ageing in Australia: AASW Position Paper, viewed 9th March 2017, https://www.aasw.asn.au/document/item/4356 Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2010, Code of Ethics, rev. edn, AASW, viewed 19 April 2016, https://www.aasw.asn.au/practitioner-resources/code-of-ethics Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Population by Age and Sex, Australia, States and Territories, ABS, viewed 10th March 2017, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/0/1CD2B1952AFC5E7ACA257298000F2E76?OpenDocument Australian Department of Education and Training, 2017, General Employee Entitlements and Redundancy Scheme (GEERS), viewed 12th March 2017, https://www.employment.gov.au/general-employee-entitlements-and-redundancy-scheme-geers Australian Department of Education and Training, 2017, Restart help to employ mature workers, viewed 12th March 2017, https://www.employment.gov.au/restart-help-employ-mature-workers-0 Australian Department of Human Services, 2017, Age Pension, viewed 12th March 2017, https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/age-pension Australian Human Rights Commission, 2012, Working past our 60s: Reforming laws and policies for the older worker, viewed 9th March 2017, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/age/publications/Working_past_our_60s_2012.pdf Bengtson V.L., DeLiema, M., 2016. Theories of Aging and Social Gerontology: Explaining How Social Factors Influence Well-Being in Later Life. In M Meyer and E Daniele (ed.), Gerontology: Changes, Challenges, and Solutions, vol 1. Social and Life Course Issues, Praeger, California Bengtson, V.L., Burgess, E.O. and Parrott, T.M., 1997. Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(2), pp.S72-S88. Business Council of Australia, 2004, offshoring, global outsourcing and the Australian economy continuing Australias integration in the world economy, viewed 11th March 2017 http://www.bca.com.au/docs/474AB708-A812-41CD-962A-11B684489C0E/ offshoring_global_outsourcing_and_the_australian-economy_continuing_australias_integration_intothe_global_economy_14-7-2004.pdf Carstensen, L.L., 1991. Selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 11, pp.195-217. Clark, A.E., 2003. Unemployment as a social norm: Psychological evidence from panel data. Journal of labor economics, 21(2), pp.323-351. Cummings, E. and Henry, W.E., 1961. Growing old: The Process of Disengagement. Basic, New York. Dowd, J.J., 1975. Aging as exchange: A preface to theory. Journal of Gerontology, 30(5), pp.584-594. Hall, B. and Scragg, T. eds., 2012. Social Work with Older People: Approaches to Person-centred Practice. Open University Press, New York Hughes, M. and Heycox, K., 2010. Older people, ageing and social work: Knowledge for practice. Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW Ife, J., 2012. Human rights and social work: Towards rights-based practice. Cambridge University Press. Port Melbourne Klehe, U.C., Koen, J. and De Pater, I.E., 2012. 17 Ending on the Scrap Heap: The Experience of Job Loss and Job Search among Older Workers. In W. Borman J Hedge (eds), The Oxford handbook of work and aging, Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 13 Mar. 2017, from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385052.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195385052-e-017. Lynott, R.J. and Lynott, P.P., 1996. Tracing the course of theoretical development in the sociology of aging. The Gerontologist, 36(6), pp.749-760. Parliament of Australia, 2010, Chronology of superannuation and retirement income in Australia, viewed 15th March 2017, http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/ChronSuperannuation Phillipson, C., 2009. Social welfare, aging, and globalization in a post-industrial society. In J. Hendricks J. Powell (Eds.), The welfare state in post-industrial society, pp. 57-70. Springer, New York. Poole, M., 2013. Ageing, Health, and The Demographic Revolution, in J. 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The Mind-Body Connection :: essays research papers fc

The mind has an incredible power. We see it as we go through our everyday activities, constantly displaying the wonders of logic, thought, memory and creativity. Yet, can the mind be more powerful than we know? Is it possible to reduce or even eliminate pain, illness and disease by using the natural powers it possesses? Can the mind heal? Many of our finest researchers and scientists have explored that question, and while the exact answer still eludes us, the facts seem to bear out that the mind does have the power to assist in both healing, and conversely, bringing on "disease" as well. Two such examples of mind and body healing are hypnotherapy and meditation. There are others such as ionization, which focuses on thinking positive instead of negative. But first, I will describe the reasoning behind the mind-body connection. Psychoneuroimmunology is the name for the study of the min-body connection, or PNI for short. PNI has been around for the last 20 years or so and has revolutionized the way we look at health and wellness. There was a point in human existence when the connection between the mind and the body was taken for granted. A couple of centuries ago, science had grown to understand the "mechanical universe" concept. The laws of Sir Newton and the science of physics had begun to infiltrate the science of medicine. If the universe followed mechanical laws, so might the body. To prove this theory, scientists needed to open a body up to observe how it worked. The Church was very adamant about the body being the temple of the soul and could never be desecrated. After much haggling and several smoke-filled back room discussions, an agreement was reached. The Church would maintain it’s jurisdiction over "the mind" for that is were the personality and soul "truly" resides and science could have the body, which is just a "machine for the mind" and upon death, would become simply an empty vessel. Furthering the rift, more recent science has discovered that specific diseases can be "cured" through specific medicinal formulas or drugs. This "magic bullet" mentality spread throughout medicine and science. Truly the body was a mechanical thing that responded to specific stimulus and could be counted on to respond the same way every time. Wonderful news, the body did not respond as intended. Science has tried to brush aside or explain away this phenomenon y saying, "Oh, it’s just the placebo effect" or "It’s spontaneous remission" as well as other innocuous terms seemingly to lessen it’s importance. It is human nature when something is not understood to either dismiss it, diminish it or ignore it all together. This search to seek out answers to this reoccurring phenomenon is the basis for PNI, the way the mind-body connection is made and how